A Protestant minister explained,"The feeling I had was that everyone was dead. Currently, it seems Americans have a stronger desire for peace than us Japanese. As Lifemagazine put it in 1946,"In the following waves people's bodies were terribly squeezed, then their internal organs ruptured. In Tokyo 27,000 demonstrators battled police, and thousands of fanatical left-wing students made plain their feelings about the treaty by using the great doorway of the Japanese Diet for their own kind of public protesta mass urination. Average citizens are the primary victims of war, always. But, even as world leaders and ordinary citizens alike immediately began struggling to process the metaphorical aftershocks, one specific set of people had to face something else. The American occupation of Japan ended in 1952, after the U.S. and Japan signed a security treaty for a peace of reconciliation in San Francisco in 1951. Between 40,000-75,000 people die instantly. All I want to do is forget, but the prominent keloid scar on my neck is a daily reminder of the atomic bomb. Though it was meant to keep the peace, the clause created an unequal power dynamic the military force of the occupying power was growing while that of the occupied nation was stuck and thus led to problems of its own. The people of Japan are incomparably the best fed, clothed and housed in all Asia. President Truman made this decision because he believed it would end World War II, which it did. August 6 marks the 75th anniversary of America's atomic bombing of Hiroshima, the first time a nuclear weapon had ever been used. For this reason, the Japanese government has avoided stating a clear position on whether the use of nuclear weapons is illegal under international law. My grandmother lamented the suffering of her children and grandchildren and prayed. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The air raid warning eventually subsided. I rose to my feet some moments later. Survivors of the Atomic Blasts in Hiroshima and Nagasaki share their stories, Photographs by HARUKA SAKAGUCHI | Introduction By LILY ROTHMAN, When the nuclear age began, there was no mistaking it. Prior to the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Hirohito failed to intervene as the Soviet mediation effort went nowhere. Fujio! The Japanese people are 25% better off than they were before the war, even though 20 million more of them are crowded into an area 52% smaller than their old territory. Furthermore, I pray that not a single Japanese citizen falls victim to the clutches of war, ever, One can understand the horrors of nuclear warfare by visiting the atomic bomb museums in Hiroshima. A poll by the Chicago Council on Global Affairs found 43% of Americans believe the U.S. should strengthen its alliance with Japan as China becomes increasingly powerful in the region. And yet, a 2017 Pew poll found that 41% of Japanese think U.S.-Japan relations will get worse, not better under Trump. If you sense it coming, it may be too late.. Weapons of this capacity must be abolished from the earth. Some Americans thought the Japanese were cheating somehow and questioned whether this richer Japan was not pulling its weight in defense spending, says Smith. Yamada! I exclaimed, giddy to see a familiar face. Hiroshima was a flat wasteland. It was an unusually quiet summer morning, with clear blue skies as far as the eye can see. May the citizens of Nagasaki never forget the day when 74,000 people were instantaneously turned into dust. Japan's Reaction. Thankfully, I survived. Less than a month later, atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities . When they didn't agree, the United States dropped another atomic bomb, this time on Nagasaki. The destruction wrought by the devicewas so inconceivable that many people thought that they were in hell. How the U.S. and Japan Became Allies Even After Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Three days later, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, leading to Japan's surrender and the end of World War II. Often lost in those numbers are the experiences of the survivors, known as hibakusha (literally "atomic bomb-affected people"). I, Hayasaki, have been deeply indebted to the Heiwasuishinkyokai for arranging this meeting, amongst many other things. The immediate aftermath of the Nagasaki bomb was equally chaotic, but in a much different way. Moved by pragmatism, not pro-Americanism, Kishi realizes that his nations best and most vital interests are served by close cooperation with the U.S. both in trade and defense. And Tokyo has long taken the position that nuclear arms would not violate its pacifist constitution, although it rules out possessing them. In June and July 1945, Japan attempted to enlist . I have no recollection of how I put my younger sisters through school, who we relied on, how we survived. The events in Hiroshima that August day changed the world. Somehow, they are trying to sanitise Japanese war conduct," said Hiroshima historian Yuki Tanaka. Seventy two years have passed since the bombing alas, young people of this generation have forgotten the tragedies of war and many pay no mind to the Peace Bell of Nagasaki. 99 / nagasaki / 1.5 km. However, in our current political climate we struggle to come to a consensus, and have yet to implement a ban on nuclear weapons. A young child may beg his mother for a snack but she could do nothing can you imagine how tormenting that is to a mother? I immediately dropped on my stomach. On August 10, 1945, the day after the atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, the Japanese government, through the neutral country of Switzerland, made a stern protest to the U.S., saying, The use of this atomic bomb is a new crime against mankind.. We cannot continue to sacrifice precious lives to warfare. The first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima at 8:15 AM on August 6th, and the second bomb was dropped over Nagasaki on August 9th at 11:02 AM. The atomic bomb used was called "Little Boy." Sixteen hours after the bomb was dropped, President Truman asked Japan to surrender. They stole to get by. I dont remember much, but I do recall that my surroundings turned blindingly white, like a million camera flashes going off at once. In total, the two devicestook an estimated 103,000 livesas a result of the blast itself, the ensuing fires, and long-term radiation poisoning, according to the World Nuclear Association. Today, however, things are very different. My siblings and I were trapped in there for three days. We practice an anti-war and anti-nuclear weapons philosophy here and have partnered with the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park every year to coordinate lectures and events and pursue hibaku building restoration projects., Haruka Sakaguchi is a photographer based in New york City, Paul Moakley, who edited this photo essay, is times Deputy Director of Photography, Lily Rothman is times History and Archives Editor, Your browser is out of date. After the bombing of Hiroshima, Japan surrendered to the Allies on August 15, 1945. The mushroom clouds over Hiroshima and Nagasaki threw a terrible shadow over the 20th century. By signing up you are agreeing to our, The History Behind the Date Chosen for the Repatriation of Korean War Remains, Underwater Noise Pollution Is Disrupting Ocean LifeBut We Can Fix It. Whether or not the atomic bombs should have been dropped is a topic that is still debated. I was 11 years old when the bomb was dropped, 2km from where I lived. There, I encountered a coworker who had been exposed to the bomb outside of the factory. Behind this lies the fact that Japan has relied on the U.S. nuclear deterrent for its own security. As TIME noted in the week following the bombings, the men aboard the Enola Gay could only summon two words: My God!. Dont go to school today, my mother said. Unbeknownst to them, the Enola Gayhad just unloaded the Little Boy atomic device, which was plummeting toward the unsuspecting city. At the ripe age of 78, Even if two entities have differing ideologies or philosophies, their lives are bound together by a single form this is a Buddhist principle manifested in the form of a bird. A Christian church can be seen in the foreground. When the U.S. air forces dropped these two bombs on two Japanese states, it was a first reported incident, when nuclear weapon was used for warfare. The war was caused by the selfish misdeeds of adults. We cannot shatter this momentum of peace it is priceless. We were too stunned to move, for about 10 minutes. The increase was first noted in 1956 and soon after tumor registries were started in both Hiroshima and Nagasaki to collect data on . The decision by the United States to drop the worlds first atomic weapons on two Japanese citiesHiroshima first, on Aug. 6, 1945, and Nagasaki three days laterwas that rare historical moment that requires little hindsight to gain its significance. I pray that this message resonates with young people all over the globe. As for how the war came about, leave it to the historians," said former Japanese diplomat Kunihiko Miyake. were lost due to the bombing, and the many survivors who have lived in pain and struggle since. Hiroshima is known as a city of yakuza. Why do you think that is? After Hiroshima was hit, chaos ensued. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! 2023 TIME USA, LLC. All Rights Reserved. The slated roof and walls of the factory crumbled and fell on top of my bare back. I was buried alive under the house, Ive been told. There are countless tombstones all over Nagasaki with a name inscription but no ikotsu (cremated bone remains). And within a few years, as the Korean War broke out, the U.S. was looking for ways around the terms it had been so instrumental in establishing, as it pressed Japan to build up its own military (called self-defense forces to get around the constitutional prohibition) as a backstop against the North Korean side. The details are being investigated" (49). The harbor at Nagasaki, Japan, c. 1920. Nor is Obama, who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2009 partly for making nuclear non-proliferation a centrepiece of his agenda, expected to address the debate over whether the dropping of the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was justified. Luckily, I found a futon nearby engulfed in flames. Required fields are marked *. I was treated briefly at an air raid shelter and later at a hospital in Hatsukaichi, and was eventually brought home wrapped in bandages all over my body. Both sides worked hard to shift the focus to a forward-looking agenda that has resonance worldwide.". I was three years old at the time of the bombing. In addition, the entire country was starving not a single treat or needle to be seen at the department store. "It is an important landmark in a continuing process of paying homage to the victims of war in general and the atomic bombing in particular, in the process of trying to eliminate nuclear weapons in the world," former Japanese diplomat Sadaaki Numata said. I tore a piece of it off, dipped it in the rice paddy nearby, and wrang it over the burn victims mouths. The gutted Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall is seen near Aioi Bridge. The smile pales when peace is taken from us. When Japan did not surrender, the United States dropped another atomic bomb three days later. August 6, 1945, 8.15 am, the uranium atom bomb exploded 580 metres above the city of Hiroshima. Many historians say the bombings did not lead to the Japanese . It would be ideal if we could all cultivate in us the ability to dignify each other instead of getting upset over our differences.. Nagasaki was hit on Aug. 9 and Japan surrendered six days later. Twice a week we compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you. The current administration is slowly leading our nation to war, Im afraid. A Japanese woman and her child, casualties in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, lie on a blanket on the floor of a damaged bank building converted into a hospital and located near the center of the . Japan stresses its unique status as the only nation to suffer atomic attacks and advocates disarmament, but nonetheless relies on the U.S. nuclear umbrella as an extended deterrent. In Kishis words, the treaty will create an atmosphere of mutual trust. It inaugurates a new era of friendship with the U.S. and, most important, of independence for Japan. 2023 TIME USA, LLC. Nearly every Japanese family owns a radio, one in every four, a TV set; more newspapers are sold per capita than in the U.S. The atom bomb killed victims three times, a college professor once said. As I tried to gain footing, another gust of wind lifted me up and I hit something hard. Five minutes later, he was dead. All rights reserved. Age of Marriage in Japan -Legal and average ages. Every person at her school died. The atomic bomb has also implicated our children and grandchildren. I heard my mothers voice in the distance. 92 / nagasaki / 2.9 km, Ms. Arakawa has very little recollection of how she survived the bombing after August 9, having lost both of her parents and four siblings to the atomic bomb attack. Recognising the contribution of African Americans. Meanwhile, on August 5, Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov had informed the Japanese that his country was abrogating the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact, a surefire sign that a declaration . The bomb, code-named "Little Boy," detonated withan estimated 15,000 tonsof TNT, destroying five square miles of the city and directly killing some 70,000 people. It was instantly destroyed, along with the 1300 households that used to make up the area that is now called Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. We must assert, with far more urgency, that nuclear weapons cannot coexist with mankind. The ruins of Nagasaki after the dropping of the atomic bomb, seen from street level. An atomic cloud billows, following the explosion of the first atomic bomb to be used in warfare. I am the 16th generation chief priest of Johoji Temple in Otemachi. Please attempt to sign up again. 86 / nagasaki / 1.1 km. The trail up to the barrack was rugged and steep. Bombing Hiroshima didn't win the war because bombing Hiroshima didn't matter to Japan's military leaders. Relations between the U.S. and Japan 73 years ago were epoch-definingly bad: Monday marks the anniversary of the Aug. 6, 1945, atomic bombing of Hiroshima; the anniversary of the Aug. 9, 1945, bombing of Nagasaki falls on Thursday. Thousands of bodies bopped up and down the river, bloated and purplish from soak- ing up the water. On the other hand, Japan has made efforts to build momentum in the international community for the abolition of nuclear weapons. It was on this peculiar day that my mother insisted that my older sister skip school. Ninety percent of the city of Hiroshima was flattened, 80,000 people and counting were dead, and within days the emperor of Japan announced an unconditional surrender. Those were the names of the atomic bombsdropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively. My older sister was 12. On the morning of August 6, I was preparing to go to the hospital with my mother. The events of August 9 changed all that. The economic balance thus resettled. How has the Japanese government responded to the U.S. atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945? His hair began to fall out and dark spots formed on his skin. The geography of Nagasaki prevents destruction on the same scale as Hiroshima, yet nearly half the city is obliterated. Their skin had peeled off their bodies and faces and hung limply down on the ground, in ribbons. What Did Japan Do After The Bombing Of Hiroshima. The resolutions, which are centered on strengthening the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) regime and calling for nuclear disarmament against the nuclear weapon states, demonstrate to the international community Japans stance as the only nation to have suffered nuclear attack. Thousands of children were orphaned on August 6, 1945. At the same time, to continue the war, the Japanese government, fearing that the Japanese people would lose their will to fight, called the A-bomb a new type of bomb and refused to inform the Japanese people of the seriousness of the damage that the atomic bombings caused. But, as the Japanese grew wealthier, Americans blamed them for the loss of American jobs, especially in the auto and textile industries; in extreme cases, they reacted by destroying Japanese cars and attacking Asian-Americans. But the shift was just one part of a larger motivation for the U.S. and Japan to get back on the same side: the Cold War and the global threat of communism. I headed over and found both of them suffering severe burns. Please update your browser at http://update.microsoft.com. You have reached your limit of 4 free articles. One incident I will never forget is cremating my father. Japan is a phenomenal country however, we must be cognizant of the fact that we waged war on the US, and received aid from them afterwards. One aspect of these studies will concern the much-discussed potential genetic effects of the bombs. Then, at 11:02am, the sky turned bright white. Sometimes there were ones who came to us asking for a drink of water. We abandoned him, in the worst state possible.. The atomic bomb is understood to be a weapon of such violent power, that to use it would cause immense destruction. His ankles jutted out awkwardly as the rest of his body was engulfed in flames. Anastasija Dadiverina October 4, 2016. The National Archives maintains . The agreement let the U.S. maintain military bases there, and a revision in 1960 said the U.S. would come to Japans defense in an attack. An unexpected error has occurred with your sign up. In Hiroshima, there was nothing left, save a few pieces of steel-reinforced concrete. I immediately headed to a nearby air raid shelter. Many of the victims collapsed as soon as they reached the bomb shelter entrance, forming a massive pile of contorted bodies. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki produced effects in Japan and around the world that changed the course of history. The atomic age began between heartbeats at 8:15 am on August 6, 1945 when the Japanese city of Hiroshima was leveled by an atomic bomb. At that moment, the sky turned bright and my friends and I ducked into a nearby stairwell. Every- one was out on their verandas, enjoying the absence of piercing warning signals. As the anniversaries of the bombings approach once again, here is a selection of that work. Exactly 70 years ago the US dropped the atomic bomb, nicknamed Little Boy, on Hiroshima, killing 140,000 of its 350,000 citizens. In conventional air raids, the hollowed out shells of buildings remained standing. A flash of light 10 times brighter than the sun lit up the city, blinding those unlucky enough to be staring at it. People walk past the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital after the atomic bombing. What mattered was the Army and the Navy, which had ver. That was a defining moment for us. Finally, my grandfather found us and we made our way back to our home. Why? my sister asked. Exports were too cheap, not fair. These burn victims they were no longer of this world. Eighty-four percent of Japanese people feel close to the U.S., according to the Japanese governments annual Cabinet Office poll, and 87% of Americans say they have a favorable view of Japan, according to a Gallup poll. The Japanese government deliberately withheld information on the atomic bomb to avoid causing widespread panic. We were told that we should not cry but rejoice when family members died in the war effort. When we finally crawled out from under the tatami mat, there was glass everywhere, and tiny bits of dust and debris floating in the air. Obamas aides counter that he has secured concrete achievements, such as a new nuclear arms control deal with Russia in his first term and last years nuclear pact with Iran. The fireball, which began at 840 feet in diameter, also kept expanding on its way down, a small sun engulfing the sky above the city. American B-29 bombers dropped leaflets all over the city, warning us that Nagasaki would fall to ashes on August 8. The debate over what precipitated the Japanese surrender at the end of World War II is a source of contention among historians. On August 6, 1945,at 8:15 a.m., the crew of the B-29 bomber Enola Gay dropped the first wartime atomic bomb over Hiroshima, Japan, a bustling regional hub that served as an important militarycommunications center, storage depot and troop gathering area. After the Hiroshima bombing, Truman issued a statement announcing the use of the new weapon. The ability to live in peace is a countrys most prized commodity. Eye-witnesses in Hiroshima were agreed that they saw a blinding white flash in the sky, felt a rush of air and heard a loud rumble of noise, followed by the sound of rending and falling buildings. A mushroom cloud rises moments after the atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki on Aug. 9, 1945, three . We could not utter a single word of defiance to these cruel and merciless demands; we had no freedoms. Japan experts said if you dismantle the emperor system, there will be chaos, explains Michael Green, senior vice president for Asia and Japan Chair at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and director of Asian Studies at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. * The request timed out and you did not successfully sign up. The first phase was the United States roughly seven-year occupation of Japan, which began following the surrender. I will never forget the hellscape that awaited us. When I finally came to, I was passed out in front of a bouka suisou (stone water container used to extinguish fires back then). When asked to write a message for future generations, she replied, Nani However, he soon came down with diarrhea and a high fever. Children are our greatest blessing., Masakatsu Obata The Japanese government continued to try to negotiate for better terms of surrender, but the Allies were adamant about their demand for an unconditional surrender. In recent years, I have been diagnosed with stomach cancer, and have undergone surgery in 2008 and 2010. The Manhattan Project and the Second World War, 1939-1945. Half burnt bodies lay stiff on the ground, eye balls gleaming from their sockets. Today, there are signs that the story is not yet complete. Fa- vors and good deeds are often forgotten, but trauma and misdeeds are passed on from one generation to the other such is the way the world works. Just then, the alert warning turned into an air raid warning. In fact, most of the people I tended to were dead. My father passed away suffering greatly on August 28. Denmark bans COVID vaccine for under 18-fact check. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Meanwhile, a historic display of reconciliation came in 2016, when President Barack Obama became the first U.S. President to visit Hiroshima, and Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe visited Pearl Harbor seven months later. For example, on the 50th anniversary, American veterans groups protested plans for a Smithsonian exhibition that explained the destruction of the atomic bombings and its effect on Japanese victims, arguing it made Americans look like aggressors. The intense levels of heat and radiation from the fireball began to light everything in the vicinity on fire. Finally, on August 15, 1945, Japan announced its surrender, and the Second World War came to an end. The once clear blue sky had turned into an inky shade of purple and grey. By the standards of the thousand-bomber raids over Germany, the later fire raids on Tokyo, and the atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Doolittle Raid barely qualified as a nuisance. The . The gutted Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall is seen after the atomic bombing. Although we did not exchange words, I knew at that moment that he was safe in heaven., Takato Michishita Us adults must do everything we can to protect the lives and dignity of our children. Americas immediate goal was to hasten Japans surrender, end World War II and avoid further Allied casualties. The "black rain" that fell after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki has been generally believed to contain radioactive materials. Suddenly all communication was lost, but no one realized that at first. From the Enola Gay, Tibbets and his crew saw "a giant purple mushroom" that "had already risen to a height of 45,000 feet, three miles above our altitude, and was still boiling upward like something terribly alive."Though the plane was already miles away, the cloud looked like it would engulf the bomber that had spawned it. I was mortified. "Part of the subtext is telling this and future Japanese leaders that 'If I can go to Hiroshima and take flak for it at home, you can certainly do a little more to own up to what Japan did," said one U.S. official, who spoke on condition of anonymity. And- beforethe device was even done exploding -a massive firestorm began to engulf the city. Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor would drive the United States out of isolation and into World War II, a conflict that would end with Japan's surrender after the devastating nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. The dropping of the bomb was an extremely controversial situation as many citizens had different perspectives and opinions when it came to the decision. The US is a day behind, remember? When they opposed, he got very upset and stormed out to go to work. One can understand the horrors of nuclear warfare by visiting the atomic bomb museums in Hiroshima Later, we discovered that the bomb was dropped a few meters away from my sisters school. On August 9, however, there were no air raid alarms. His skin was melted off, exposing his raw flesh. Keiko said the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and another at Nagasaki three days later, which killed 70,000 more, were war crimes. Those within the immediate blast radius were the lucky ones; they perished instantly. The atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, killing thousands instantly and about 140,000 by the end of the year. World War II would end, and the Cold War soon begin. Orphans who grew up in Hiroshima harbor a special hatred for grownups. We must remember that our happiness today is built upon the hopes and dreams of those that passed before us. Japan is the only nation that has experienced a nuclear attack. Only 14 years ago such a treaty would have been unthinkable, and that it would be signed for Japan by Kishi, inconceivable. Truman and Byrnes introduced nuclear weapons into modern warfare when it had been militarily unnecessary to do so. . One fell on Hiroshima, and the other on Nagasaki three days later. The United States atomic bombing of Japan was unnecessary and necessary because of different reasons. I, on the other hand, was evacuated in Miyoshi-shi, 50km away from the hypocenter. My sister begrudgingly stayed home, while my mother and I, aged 6, went grocery shopping. MPI/Getty Images. We were later able to reunite with my father. and Nagasaki, listening to first-hand accounts of hi- bakusha survivors, and reading archival documents from that period. Except for one extraordinary situation in 1936 when he moved forcefully to demand suppression of a military . A man wheels his bicycle through Hiroshima, days after the city was leveled by the atomic bomb blast. Within the Japanese Constitution you will find Article 9, the international peace clause. In which country does the sun rise first? Here are the, Toddler tied to a rock while her parents work, Rio sisters: from violence to the Olympics, On patrol with the Sinjar Resistance Units, Working, eating and sleeping at the office, instructions how to enable JavaScript in your web browser. I once encountered an infant who died of hypothermia. When asked to write a message for future generations, she replied, Nani. I pray for world peace. Finally after several hours, an . At first, however, the Pearl Harbor attack looked like a success for Japan. It's been 75 years since the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima marking the end of World War II and the dawn of the nuclear age but survivors like Masaaki . As of April of 1945, our branch temporarily relocated to a local school campus 2.9km away from the hypocenter because our main office was beside a wood building (authors note: flammable in case of an air strike). Fears of a trade war between the U.S. and China and the war of words between the nations leaders exacerbate those feelings. They never found her remains. I was unconscious for the next few days, fighting a high fever. My brothers and I gently laid his blackened, swollen body atop a burnt beam in front of the factory where we found him dead and set him alight. Nagasaki was hit on Aug. 9 and Japan surrendered six days later. . That was just under one-fifthof the city's total population. Naveena Prasad M. -. 86 / hiroshima / 2 KM. I think about this everyday., We would not be where we are today if it werent for the countless lives that. Three days later, a second, more powerful bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki, killing over 100,000 people. Wait! I pray that younger generations will come together to work toward a world free of nuclear weapons. He was helping out a group of young students at the air raid shelter. Your email address will not be published. After the bombing of Hiroshima, Japan did not immediately surrender. For example, while the new constitution democratized the political structure of Japan, it also kept Emperor Hirohito as the nations symbolic leader, per MacArthurs wishes. FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. I decided to look for a water source. When Japan got a new constitution, which took effect on May 3, 1947, its terms came largely courtesy of American influence, specifically that of U.S. General Douglas MacArthur and his staff. I have taken it upon myself to speak out against nuclear proliferation. 83 / Nagasaki / 2.2 km. The roof had been completely blown off our building. Mr Shepheard was sent to Japan for clean-up operations in Hiroshima after the atomic bomb was dropped on the city.
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