Art. Repeal or change restrictions: No veto by governor. Ballot title and summary: Attorney general (RCW 29A. Circulator oaths or affidavit required: Yes (Const. 19-123), General review of petition: Proponents may submit proposed bill to director of the legislative council for review (A.R.S. Vote requirement for passage: Majority (Const. These guidelines may include an application process, registering a certain number of sponsors, submitting the full text and an explanation of the measure, affidavits, the office or offices to file with, registering a proponent or opposition organization, campaign finance issues and the process for withdrawing a referendum. Application process information: Written application including full text of proposed law and summary that explains its purpose, signed by five people and the applicant (21-A M.R.S.A. Art. 5, 1), Repeal or change restrictions: No veto by governor, and two-thirds vote by legislature may amend or repeal (Ark. Stat. Art. Allowed to pay another for their signature: Giving or receiving money or anything of value for signing a petition or a statement of signature withdrawal is a class 1 misdemeanor (ARS 19-113(D) and -114.01). Proponent organization and requirements: Proponents and opponents register with board of elections (10 ILCS 5/28-9). Circulator requirements: Must be at least 18 and an Ohio resident (O.R.C. What is on each petition: Petition must include the full text of the measure, the affidavit of the circulator (Const. The following 11 states use a statistical sampling method to determine if petitions have enough valid signatures: Eleven of the popular referendum states specify a procedure by which a person may withdraw their signature from a petition. 1-40-109). Some things to consider as you begin to review. 3; 8). Application process information: Application containing the act to be referred and signed by at least 100 qualified voters is filed with the lieutenant governor. b. actions at New England town meetings. Code 18603). Timeline for taking effect: Thirty days after the election (Const. Both the referendum and the initiative were adopted in the United States under the leadership of groups hostile to machine politics or those convinced that government was generally insensitive to the popular will. Repeal or change restrictions: For statutes, may not be repealed by the legislature within two years of its effective date (Const. Art. (Const. 15, 273; Miss. 2 with the secretary of state (34 Okl.St.Ann. Const. 34-1812c, Maine: 21-A M.R.S.A. Art. Timeline for taking effect: Goes into effect once the supreme court finishes canvassing the votes (N.R.S. LXXXI, 4). M.G.L.A. Circulator requirements: Maine resident who is a registered voter (21-A MRSA 903-A), Circulator oaths or affidavits: Yes (M.R.S.A. Art. Colo. Const. Application process information: Petition as to be circulated is filed with secretary of state prior to circulation and must include the title of the referred law, the effective date, the date of the election at which it will be submitted. 19, 3; N.R.S. Petitions must be filed not more than 60 days after the final adjournment of the legislative session which passed the bill on which the referendum is demanded. 2, 9). 4, 2; Constitution 48, Init., Pt. Majority to pass: Majority only, but the election must have at least 50 % voter turnout (OR CONST Art. A top funders sheet created by sponsors is attached to the petition (Elec. Resource Initiative and Referendum Overview and Resources sought government regulation of child labor. II, 10(a)). Art. 100.371). In calendar quarters with an election, additional reports are due 10 days before the election and 15 days after the election. 5, 1; C.R.S.A. Rarely has a recall effort against a state-level officeholder ever qualified for the ballot. 5, 3; 34 Okl.St.Ann. II, 1 (b) and RCW 29A. 168.22e; 168.476; 168.477; 168.480, Montana: MCA 13-27-401; 13-27-402; 13-27-410; 13-27-311, Nebraska: Neb. 3, 1; Constitution 48, Init., Pt. Const. 5 1). Idaho: Within 20 days after initial petition filing, attorney general reviews and recommends revisions in an advisory capacity. Allowed to pay another for their signature: Prohibited (ORS 260.558). Where to file: Secretary of state (NRS 32-1405). For collection, if the petitions were filed at least 165 days before the election and the signatures are deemed insufficient, they may collect more, and deadline of four months prior to the general election. Art. Public review or notice: Secretary of state creates pamphlet with information and arguments and publishes the measures in newspapers leading up to the election. Then they deliver the verified packets to the lieutenant governor. The first statewide election held more than 180 days after adjournment of the session during which the act was passed, Regular election (state, congressional or municipal) or a special election called by proper official or when 15% of voters petition for one. And, in some states, the review is purely technical; the proposal is reviewed to ensure it meets the legal requirements for format and style and adheres to drafting conventions. 5, 1; A.C.A. Timeline for taking effect: When governor makes official declaration of vote but not later than 30 days after vote canvassing (C.R.S.A. Timeline for collecting signatures: Twelve months. Const. Groups must file reports detailing contributions received in excess of $100 in the aggregate and all other contributions and expenditures made by the group. Art. 116.060). Who creates petitions: Proponents with advising by attorney general (Cal.Elec.Code 9012), Fiscal review: Prepared by attorney general, department of finance and the legislative analyst office (Cal.Elec.Code 9005; Cal.Gov.Code 12172). 12, 2). St. 32-1407), Which election is a measure on: Next general election at least four months after filing the signatures (Neb. 6, 22), Other Subject restrictions: No restrictions (See U.C.A. Art. d. a start-up e. an employer f. a consumer In suburbia p. 193 The giant of Africa p. 192 1. a. is making b. Application process information: Submit draft and affidavit to attorney general with fee of $2,000, refunded when measure qualifies for the ballot within two years. Application process information: A prospective petition must be filed with the secretary of state. Ballot title appears on the petition (RCW 29A.72.120). Conflicting measures: Measure with the most affirmative votes prevails (OH Const. 48, Init., Pt. Who can sign the petition: Legal voters, 18 years old, resident (U.C.A. 250.048). Who creates petitions: Sponsors (Elec. Number of signatures required: 4% of the votes cast for the office of governor at the last election (Const. Timeline for collecting signatures: Time limit for circulation begins with the first signature on a petition and ends 14 days after that. Who creates petitions: Sponsors (34 OS 1). Application process information: State Board of Elections is empowered to adopt regulations specifying procedures for filing and circulating petitions (Elec. . Const. A.R.S. Which election: Next succeeding election at which the question may be voted upon by the voters of the entire state (Const. General review of petition: Attorney general can request advisory opinion on the constitutionality of a measure from the state supreme court (F.S.A. 4, 1, Pt. Art. Who creates petitions: Petitioners, approved by secretary of state and attorney general (I.C. Political committee must file a statement of organization. Vote requirement for passage: Majority and not less than 35% of the total vote cast at the election (Const. Ten states allow the legislature to alter or change measures without any time limits or supermajority requirements: Seven states have supermajority requirements for changing a measure (the other states require only a regular majority, although some enforce a time period). Art. Then, select a topic from the column at the left for comprehensive information or select a state in the map for state-specific information. V, 1(3)). Wyoming: in excess of 50% (Const. The attorney general may approve the title or revise as necessary to comply with the law. Where to file: Secretary of state (IC 34-1804). Campaign statements must be filed by the 11th day before the election, the thirtieth day after the election, April 25 and July 25 every year, Oct. 25 in odd-numbered years. Where to file: Secretary of state (Const. 3, 18). Art. Const. Code 9031). 5, 1), Timeline for taking effect: Thirty days after the election unless otherwise specified in the act (Ark. From 15 different counties, with each countys petition having signatures of at least half of the designated percentage of electors of the county. 15, 273). IV, 1). Const. 23-17-1), Proponent organization and requirements: Statement of organization if operating financially (Miss. Proponents must file reports of payments made to signature gatherers. Timeline for collecting signatures: Petitions carried by paid circulators must be filed on a monthly basis (ORS 250.105). Art. Proponent financial disclosure requirements: Include but may not be limited to statewide ballot question committee must file pre-primary, pre-general, year-end and, if applicable, supplemental report and amendments (SDCL 12-27-22; SDCL 12-27-3). Withdrawal process of individual signature: Any person who alleges they signed as a result of fraud, coercion, or being intentional misleading as to the substance or effect of the petition, may withdraw their signature by filing an affidavit with the secretary of state any time before the secretary of state has accepted and filed the petition (Miss. Art. Const. Recall, the device by which voters may remove public officials from office, also originates with the people. Const. 3, 50), Other subject restrictions: No appropriations or other new revenues not provided for in the measure (V.A.M.S. Time period restrictions before placed on the ballot: There must be at least 60 days between submission of the petition and the election (Const. Only 20 signatures allowed per sheet and each sheet is from one county. What would happen if the US had direct democracy Quora. 168.482; 168.544c, Mississippi: Miss. All 23 popular referendum states require political organizations that support or oppose a ballot measure, often considered political action committees, to follow state campaign finance laws. II, 1c). Allowed to pay another for their signature: May not use "any fraudulent means, method, trick, device or artifice to obtain signatures on a petition" (A.R.S. Timeline for taking effect: 30 days after the election (Const. 2, 4, Pt. Art. MCA 13-27-301; 13-27-202; MT CONST Art. 295.0575). Art. Verification: The secretary of state may use any statistical sampling techniques for this verification and canvass which have been adopted by rule as provided by chapter34.05RCW. 12, 2. Must submit full text and title, and statement as to the use or not of paid circulators (U.C.A. Art. Petitions may be signed at any time after an act is passed and must be submitted by June 1. Must also file with the secretary of state not less than four months before the election at which initiatives are to be voted on. XLVII, Pt. Other Subject restrictions: Cannot dedicate revenues, make or repeal appropriations, create courts, define the jurisdiction of courts, prescribe court rules, enact local or special legislation, or enact legislation prohibited by the Wyoming constitution (Const. Art. 3519.03; 3519.01; 3519.062; 3505.063). Art. These may be accepted or rejected. If signatures are determined to be insufficient, an additional 10 days is allowed to gather more signatures. Ballot title and summary: Proponents draft and submit a ballot title in their original filing (34 OS 8). Art. Which election: Statewide or a special election called by the governor (Const. . A title board, which is comprised of the secretary of state, attorney general and director of the office of legislative legal services, Petition sponsors, with approval of attorney general, Written by petitions sponsors, approved by attorney general, Const. 106.19, 100.371, 120.54), Who creates petitions: Approved by secretary of state (F.S.A. Verification: The secretary of state employs a representative random sampling by the use of questionnaires, postcards, telephone calls, personal interviews, etc., or any combinations thereof, to determine the validity of the signatures (NDCC 16.1-01-10). Reports of contributions and expenditures are due quarterly in calendar years without elections. States vary in how they verify the collected signatures. A list of the initiative, referendum, and recall . Art. Ballot title and summary: Lieutenant governor forwards petitions that are qualified for the ballot to the Office of Legislative Research and General Counsel, who drafts an impartial title of not more than 100 words summarizing the contents of the proposal. Const. Which election is a measure on: Next statewide or special election after the legislative session concludes sine die (21-A M.R.S.A. Art. 34-1801a, 34-1804, 34-1809). Who can sign the petition: Any qualified voter (AS 15.45.350). 1-40-102, 1-40-105, 1-40-106, Florida: F.S.A. Verification: Random sampling (CRS 1-40-116). An initiative is a proposal of a new law or constitutional amendment that is placed on the ballot by petition, that is, by collecting signatures of a certain number of citizens. It fails if under 90 % and qualifies if at least 100 % (N.R.S. The Progressive Era Pt. 1 Flashcards | Quizlet 250.062). Amend. Who can sign the petition: Qualified voters (M.G.L.A. If the petitions are approved and the signatures are valid, the proposal can be voted on. 48, Init., Pt. Verification: Submitted to local registrars of each signer two weeks before submission to secretary of state, who establishes regulations to verify. Art. A person also qualifies as a ballot measure committee if 2% or more of its annual revenues, operating expenses or funds are used to make contributions to another ballot measure committee which exceed $10,000 in value (ACA 9-7-402). Submission deadline of signatures: For direct initiatives, April 15 immediately before the next general election (U.C.A. 14, 3), Which election is a measure on: General election (ILCS Const. Art. Reports of contributions and expenditures are due on the 12th day before an election, the 38th day after an election and the last business day of January and July of every year (ORC 3517.10). III, 5(1) and MCA 13-27-202, Const. 3519.01; 3519.02; 3513.10). 19-126), Majority to pass: Yes (A.R.S. 3, 20), Verification: Certified by the registrar (21-A M.R.S.A. V, 1(6) and CRS 1-40-111(2)). Art. In 1921 the voters of North Dakota removed from office the governor, attorney general, and commissioner of agriculture. But if insufficient funds for the measure, it is effective 45 days after the next convening regular legislative session. Ballot title and summary: Attorney general after receiving written comments from the Legislative Research Council (SDCL 12-13-25.1). Nine states do not include a process in statute for an individual to withdraw his or her signature. concerning (statement of subject) and voters have filed a sufficient referendum petition on this bill. A referred measure may be voted upon at a statewide election or at a special election called by the governor. Const. Art. For statutory initiatives, 2% of residential population according to the last federal decennial census. 2; Neb. 5, 2; 34 Okl.St.Ann. Allowed to pay another for their signature: Prohibited (Elec. Art. Const. By this means, an act of the legislature can be overturned in a kind of popular veto. Collected in-person: Yes (Elec. Law 16-401(a)(1)). 2, 8. Withdrawal process of individual signature: May not remove after official submission of petitions (O.R.S. The decision may take the form of a ballot question, a private survey, or a poll. Art. This deadline pertains to when counties must submit petitions with verified signatures to the secretary of state. III, 2). Art. 34-1804, 34-1809). Justices of the peace and county recorders may not circulate petitions (ARS 19-114). Art. 4, 1, Pt. Art. Legislature reviews the measure as submitted to it by the proponents. These include filing reports and designating organization officers. Cal.Elec.Code 9014; 9016; Cal.Const. States may apply a single-subject rule or other restrictions. Stat. Number of signatures required: 3% of the whole number of votes cast for governor at the preceding election (Const. Registration must include the circulator's full name, residence address, phone number and email address; the petition for which the circulator will gather signatures; a statement that the circulator consents to the jurisdiction of the courts of Arizona in resolving any disputes concerning the circulation of petitions by the circulator; the address of the committee in Arizona for whom the circulator works and will accept service of process related to disputes; a notarized affidavit by the circulator (ARS 16-118). Another 3 % is required to qualify for the ballot if not enacted by the legislature after four months (OH Const. Law 6-205(d)). Withdrawal process of individual signature: Written statement at secretary of states office, mail a notarized statement to the office, or strike name through on petition (A.R.S. Ballot title and summary: Secretary of the commonwealth drafts a fair, concise summary that appears on petitions and on the ballot (Const. Art. Petition title and summary creation: A title board comprised of the attorney general, the secretary of state and the director of the office of legislative legal services or their designees (CRS 1-40-106). Const. 116.320). 1051, 1052, 1052-A, 1053-B, 1054, 1054-A, 1055, 1055-A, 1056, 1056-A, 1056-B, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1062-A, 1062-B, Massachusetts: M.G.L.A. Which election: Next statewide or general election, whichever comes first, that is not less than 60 days after the petition is submitted (Const. XLVII, Pt. Art. XI, 2 and AS 15.45.260). Art. Art. 116.025). Allowed to pay another for their signature: Prohibited (U.C.A. A committee formed to support or oppose a ballot measure must register by filing a statement of organization with the Ethics Commission when its contributions or expenditures exceed $1,000. Art. So as a whole, the free. Its success in 1978, despite the strong opposition of the governor, state legislature, and the bureaucracy, prompted tax revolts in several other states. Proponent financial disclosure requirements: Include but may not be limited to reporting requirements, special provisions for out-of-state contributors, a statement regarding intent to pay circulators, and political committees must register (NDCC, 16.1-08.1-02.4; 16.1-08.1-03.1; 16.1-08.1-03.2). Circulator oaths or affidavits: No, but they certify that each signature was in their presence and that they believe each individual is an elector (O.R.S. Most of these bans have been overturned by the courts. Circulator requirements: At least 18 years old,a Utah resident and paid circulators must wear badges (Utah Code 20A-7-303(3)). Art. Art. Does the law in question take effect before the referendum vote: Not automatically, though the law can be suspended with a higher signature threshold and an earlier submission deadline25% of the total vote cast in the last election, including 25% of the votes cast in each of 3/4 of the counties, submitted no later than 90 days after the adjournment of the legislative session (Const. A handful require that each signature be individually verified, including Nebraska (NRS 32-1409), Ohio (ORC 3519.15), Oklahoma (OK Stat. II, 9 and MCL 168.471). St. 32-1408. If the legislature fails to enact the proposal as written, sponsors then go through a second stage of signature gathering. Const. III, 52(c); Wyo Stat. II, 1(d)). (Elec. Who can sign the petition: Qualified electors (A.R.S. Art. There are critics that disapprove of . Other types of review might include recommendations on wording. The secretary of state shall vacate the certification of the official ballot title within three days of receiving notice of the withdrawal (Mo.Rev.Stat. Art. Art. 168.471; 168.472. Art. III, 2; 4), Who can sign the petition: Registered voters (Ne.Rev.St. Art. It is argued that the simple existence of the initiative mechanism acts as a check on the activities of the legislature. Must register prior to signature collection and expenditures (On Our Terms '97 PAC v. Secretary of State of Maine (1999) and 21-A MRSA 903-C). 54 42A, 53; M.G.L.A. 106.19, 100.371, 120.54, Idaho: I.C. Code Ann. Initiative, Referendum, and Recall Applications for the 2024 Election Cycle. Allowable uses of funds by ballot measure committees are specified at Elec. 7-9-404). 19, 2). Art. For indirect initiative states, this review process involves the legislature and can be quite extensive. Unlimited, but if number of filed signatures is deemed insufficient, sponsors have 30 days to collect more. Withdrawal of petition: Anytime more than 70 days before the election, a majority of the committee members may withdraw the petition by writing to the secretary of state (O.R.C. III, 6). Proponent financial disclosure requirements: Include but may not be limited to being covered by the states campaign finance laws, must follow reporting rules, and file statement of organization (RCWA 42.17A.005; 42.17A; 42.17A.205). 3, 17(2)). 19-101(A), Maryland: Const. Other subject restrictions: If there are insufficient state funds and the measure does not provide a source, it is effective 45 days after next regular legislative session (M.R.S.A. 48, Init., Pt. 23-17-29), Missouri (V.A.M.S. Eight % for amendments (Cal.Const. Who can sign the petition: Qualified registered voter (W.S.1977 22-24-313). 53 7). Proponent financial disclosure requirements: Include but are not limited to reporting for contributions over $1,000, restrictions on what organizations can support, disclosure statements, semi-annual and pre-election statements, quarterly ballot measure statements, expedited and triggered statements and more (Cal.Gov.Code 82013, 84200, 84202.3, 85309, 84511, 84101, Cal.Elec.Code 18680; Form 460). 74). 21. 21 1), Timeline for taking effect: Upon proclamation of the governor (A.R.S. 19, 3 and NRS 295.0575). 7-9-111). If the legislature does not enact the statute, another round of signatures is required equaling 0.5% of votes for governor. Where to file: Secretary of state (MCL 168.471). 2, 10; Cal.Elec.Code 9004). Which election: General election, or at a special election ordered by the general assembly (Const. Rev. 353, 354). XVI, 1 and Elec. Art. Geographic entities based on U.S. House districts, which are required to be highly equal in population, have been ruled to be constitutional (for example, see Nevada). Geographic distribution: The registered voters signing such petition shall be so distributed as to include five percent of the whole number of votes cast for governor at the last election in each of two-fifths of the counties of the state (Const. 34, 1, 4 and 8. A referendum is a question that appears on a ballot that voters can answer in order to voice their opinion on a particular issue. III, 52(a)). For statutory initiatives, must be submitted to be verified before appearing before the legislature on the second Tuesday in November in even-numbered years, or the next day (N.R.S. If the legislature does not enact the statute, another round of signatures is required equaling 0.5 % of votes for governor (M.G.L.A. Amend. Circulator requirements: Legal voter (RCWA 29A.72.120). 2). Art. 1953 20A-7-204.1; 20A-7-208; 20A-7-702). Electronic reports of contributions and expenditures must be filed according to a schedule specified in ORS 260.057. Fourteen states do not have any process for withdrawal: Alaska, Arizona, Florida, Idaho, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Utah, Washington and Wyoming. 3. create a unicameral national legislature. North Dakota: The secretary of state reviews and if the office deems it insufficient, the committee of petitioners has 20 days to correct it. Initiative, Referendum, Recall Flashcards | Quizlet Tit. Art. And attorney general reviews legality (MCA 13-27-202; 13-27-312; 13-27-402). If he finds it in proper form, he shall so certify. Const. Nebraska: not less than 35% (Const. Full text is printed on ballot if it is 200 words or less; if it is more than 200 words, the secretary of state drafts a title. Code Ann. To make it more difficult to place initiatives on the ballot and to ensure initiatives do not represent just the interests of heavily populated areas, some states have created a requirement that signatures be gathered from across the state. Art. 15, 273 and Miss. Withdrawal of petition: No process specified. Amend. Proponent financial disclosure requirements: Include but are not limited to filing with the secretary of state, written disclaimers when publicizing, limits on contributions, detailed contribution reports, unexpended campaign contributions, and rules promulgated by secretary of state (C.R.S.A. Time period restrictions before placed on the ballot: There must be at least 31 days after the measure qualifies before the election (Const. What is on each petition: Sponsors create petitions pursuant to guidelines in statute. 4, Pt. St. 32-628), Circulator oaths or affidavits: Yes (Neb. Ballot title and summary: Attorney general (Elec. 5% of the votes cast for governor at the preceding election; 15% of the votes cast for governor in the preceding election in a majority of legislative districts is required to suspend operation of an act pending the election. Which election is a measure on: General election (N.R.S. Art. Recall ap gov example - swpqbq.traslochigiuseppe.it States vary in the way popular referendum questions are posed. Circulator requirements: U.S. citizen and age 18 or older (10 ILCS 5/28-3), Circulator oaths or affidavits: Yes (10 ILCS 5/28-3), Allowed to pay another for their signature: No statute, Number of signatures required: Eight % of the votes cast for governor in the last gubernatorial election (ILCS Const. Art. States vary a great deal in how they verify collected signatures. Art. Const. 12, 2). Oklahoma: Secretary of state reviews and processes the petition, along with the attorney general and the supreme court. Who can sign the petition: Qualified electors (NDCC 16.1-01-09(2)). III, 5). Proponent organization and requirements: When first filing the petition, no more than three primary proponents must be designated (34 Okl.St.Ann. 19-123 and A.R.S. 2, 4, Pt. Subject restrictions: No law making any appropriation for maintaining the state government or for maintaining or aiding any public institution, not exceeding the next previous appropriation for the same purpose, shall be subject toreferendum. Between 90 and 110 %, every signature is verified (C.R.S.A. And no signature "collected prior to a November general election at which a governor is elected shall not be filed after the date of that November general election" (M.C.L.A. Another 10 states allow petition sponsors to draft the title and/or summary, in some cases with approval by a state official. Normal constitutional amendment requirements are needed to overturn an amendment (M.G.L.A. General review of petition: For accuracy and fairness, the attorney general may rewrite arguments for or against prepared by legislature (5 ILCS 20/2). Fiscal statements are the most common type of review, giving estimates and analysis on the likely fiscal impact the proposed measure will have on the state. IV, 1(4)). Petition title and summary creation: Attorney general certifies submitted title and measure and summary by secretary of state, with attorney general oversight (M.G.L.A. Code Ann. 54, 53). Prepared by the Office of Fiscal and Program Review. Six% of the qualified electors at the time of the last general election in each of at least 18 legislative districts, out of 35 total districts. 1(9)). For direct constitutional amendments, it is nine months and three weeks. Code Ann. For indirect, statutory initiatives only: The legislature has 40 days to pass the unchanged initiative. II, 1c). Cannot have been found guilty of a criminal felony or a violation of election laws, fraud, forgery or identification theft, Cannot have been convicted of or pled guilty to crimes involving forgery. Referendum: Definition, Rationale and Criticism for UPSC Polity - BYJUS St. 32-1416). Verification: The regular boards of judges, clerks and officers count all of them (I.C. Art. Bans on payment-per-signature have met with mixed results in the courts. 1953 20A-7-203; 20A-1-307), Circulator oaths or affidavits: Yes (U.C.A. Art. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like During the gold rush, white miners used nativism and racism to justify their violence against Native populations. 5, 5). This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a representative.This may result in the adoption of a new policy or specific law, or the referendum may be only advisory.In some countries, it is synonymous with and also known as plebiscite, votation, popular consultation . Circulator requirements: Paid circulators must register with the secretary of state and complete training. Contributions from nonresidents of the state, political committees organized outside the state or an entity that is not filed with the secretary of state for four years preceding the contribution are prohibited. Paid per signature: May be paid but not on number of petitions circulated or signatures obtained. 4, Pt. No more than one-quarter of signatures may come from a single county.
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